Bertrand Surname Meaning and Family History

A medieval French form of the given name Bertram, the Bertrand surname means bright raven, derived from the elements beraht, meaning bright or intelligent and hramn,  meaning raven. Bertrando is the Italian version of the surname. Bertrand is the 17th most common last name in France. Surname Origin: French Alternate Surname Spellings: BERTRAM, BERTRANDO Famous People with the Surname Bertrand Alexandre Bertrand -  French archaeologistJoseph Bertrand - French mathematicianAlexandre Jacques Franà §ois Bertrand  Ã‚  - French physician and mesmerist; father of Alexandre Bertrand and Joseph BertrandÉmile Bertrand - French mineralogist for whom bertrandite was namedAntoine de Bertrand - French Renaissance composerLouis Jacques Napolà ©on Bertrand (pen name  Aloysius Bertrand)  - French poet Where the Bertrand  Surname Is Most Common According to surname distribution from  Forebears, the Bertrand surname is most prevalent in France, where it ranks as the 21st most common last name in the country. Bertrand is also fairly common in Luxembourg, where it ranks 55th, as well as Belgium (107th) and Canada (252nd). It is almost twice as common today in the United States (ranked 2,667) as it was at the time of the 1880 census (5,258). Surname maps from  WorldNames PublicProfiler  demonstrate that the Bertrand surname is common throughout France, but is found in greatest numbers in the regions of Poitou-Charentes, Languedoc-Roussillon, Champagne-Ardenne, and Lorraine, as well as in nearby Wallonie, Belgium. Within the United States, Bertrand is, as you might expect, most common in Louisiana, while in Canada it is found in the greatest numbers in Quebec and the Northwest Territories. Genealogy Resources for the Surname Bertrand French Surname Meanings and Origins: Does your last name have origins in France? Learn about the various origins of French surnames and explore the meanings of some of the most common French last names.How to Research-French Ancestry: Learn about the various types of genealogical records available for researching ancestors in France and how to access them, plus how to locate where in France your ancestors originated.Bertrand Family Crest - Its Not What You Think: Contrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Bertrand  family crest or coat of arms for the Bertrand surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.BERTRAND  Family Genealogy Forum: Search this popular genealogy forum for the Bertrand  surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Bertrand query.FamilySearch - BERTR AND Genealogy: Explore over 500,000  results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Bertrand surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.DistantCousin.com - BERTRAND  Genealogy Family History: Explore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Bertrand.GeneaNet - Bertrand  Records: GeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Bertrand surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries.The Bertrand Genealogy and Family Tree Page: Browse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Bertrand  surname from the website of Genealogy Today. References Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Essay Management of Field Construction Projects - 1856 Words

The objective of this report is to present and discuss the management of field construction projects. These projects involve a great deal of time and expense, so close control and management is paramount if they are to be completed within the established time and cost limitations. The term construction management is applied to the provision of professional management services to the owner of a construction project with the objective of achieving high quality with low costs. A specialist project manager organises, schedules, and controls the field work and is responsible for getting the project completed within the time and cost limitations. He acts as the focal point for all facets of the project and brings together the efforts of all†¦show more content†¦Project managers are likely to have differing objectives throughout the project but one underlying objective throughout it is to bring the project in the specific budget that has been set by the client and this is one of the main objectives that a project manager is judged on, and therefore being able to keep a tight financial reign on every project is essential. During the design phase of the construction project, the project costs are continuously approximated and reviewed following each design change to ensure that they will not exceed the owner’s budget. A new project cannot be intelligently priced until some major management determinations have been made concerning the conduct of the work. Project cost estimating is typically executed by the quantity surveyor, but with projects such as the service Kelmat Services provide, where they provide specialist project managers for unique constructions such as St Germans Flood Alleviation Pump Station (Atkins), the project manager was employed to oversee the construction, but to assist the quantity surveyor in project cost estimating. Cost planning for a project obviously requires an extensive knowledge of the construction in hand, and this is where not having a member of the design team as a project manager becomes a disadvantage, because a member of the design team would be able to make s wift, concise decisions whilst a specialist project manager would beShow MoreRelatedMy Future Career : Project Management782 Words   |  4 PagesMy Future Career in Project Management Project management takes the form of many job positions and roles within a job force. Project management to some, means a person who manages a project. This is a very broad title. Project managers can manage a project that covers a new program release, an implementation of a new method, or the creation of a physical product for a customer. For me, project management is taking a task from start to finish, with the goals of the customer in mind. Three roles thatRead MoreCommunication Is The Process Of Conveying Messages Essay1336 Words   |  6 PagesDecoding: Process of understanding the message. Feedback: The message sends by the receiver to the sender. The projects were done by the help of larger number of people. So communication flow charts were drawn for the easy assessment of responsibilities and for the proper management. There were people working in the outside of this flow chart also. It was very effective in the project for knowing which path we have to choose while communicating the messages to the employees, members, parties etcRead MoreConstruction Of A Construction Field723 Words   |  3 PagesThere are many ways to start in a construction field. Depending on if the individual has absolutely no background in anything that has to do with the construction business, or if the individual has a bachelor/master’s degree in a construction, management, or HVAC/R field. There is always a point where someone can start and get going in the field. There are great aspects of certain areas in the field to where someone could be interested in. One of the top career overview sections that are mentionedRead MoreThe Impact Of Co mmunication On Project Performance1255 Words   |  6 PagesBackground of study Communication is an essential key that will manipulate the organization operation by transfer of information. The research study about the impact of communication on project performance. This research will explore the communication method used and the effective communication method of construction industry in Kuantan. An introduction of what is the overall content of this research are shown in Chapter 1. This chapter will include background of study, problem statement, objectiveRead MoreProject Management : Construction Of Construction1038 Words   |  5 Pagesproperty owners use project management to organize complex builds that bring ideas to life. Contractors build structures in phases, beginning with project pre-planning and culminating in the erection of physical land features. For many years, construction firms documented tasks manually and with limited technology. Now, however, sweeping innovations promise to bring the construction trade up to speed with other technologically savvy industries. What Is Project Management in Construction? As outlinedRead MoreMy Mind, Project And Enterprise Management, The Art Of Evaluation And Control968 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Statement In my mind, Project and Enterprise Management is the art of evaluation and control. When I was a kid, I have been curious about the methods of self-management and ask myself: how one plan could be completed efficiently, how some people could coordinate various things in life successfully and the way we evaluate and get the perception of the state of one object or a person. My passion for discovering the science of project management, especially on construction grew from a visit of oneRead MoreThe Importance Of A Better Information Exchange1289 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The current tendency to deal with projects associated with complex structure and an enormous amount of raw data, usually, introduced an approach defined as ‘big data analytics. Under the assistance of Informational communications technology tools, this procedure aims for examining the data generated from all variable factors from the project; uncovering the hidden patterns, unknown correlations, and organizing all related information for the project team to make the correct decision. TheRead MoreMobile Technology And The Construction Industry976 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Mobile technology is transforming the Construction industry in a huge manner. In recent years there has been a lot of improvement in mobile technology. The most commonly used devices in the construction industry are smartphones. Smart phones nowadays are more powerful than the laptops which we had five years ago. Almost all the construction managers own a smartphone, which at the minimum they can use it as a normal mobile phone .Smart phones can be used for various other applicationsRead MoreA Mobile Solution Provider For The Integration Of Field Management Activities1337 Words   |  6 Pagesprovider for the integration of field management activities. Basically, it is a cloud-based quality management program that can aid to effectuate competency by lean hardware prepossessions. Altogether, Latista has numerous modules named Latista Field, Latista Business Intelligence, Latista Document, and Latista Design Review. This paperless solution is able to perform following functions. 1. QA/QC checklists can be exerted to guarantee quality control of projects. 2. A rolling punch list to guideRead MoreIntroduction. Civil Engineering Is A Professional Engineering902 Words   |  4 PagesWater resource engineering is a specific kind of civil engineering that involves the design of new systems and equipment that help manage the human water resources. In simpler terms water resources engineering is concerned with the collection and management of water. It particularly concerns the quality and quantity of water being managed in both underground and above resources. Since ancient times we civil engineers have been refining and expanding the concept of this aspect of water resources engineering

Clinical Implications and Neurophysiological Background

Question: Discuss about the Clinical Implications and Neurophysiological Background. Answer: Introduction Counselling is a therapy intervention, that includes an individual willing to share or talk about his or her problems and related feelings in a safe and confidential environment to a counselor (McLeod, 2013). A counselor is an individual equipped with relevant counselling skills and is believed to have the ability to give the right advice to the individual seeking help also referred to as the client to solving his or her problem. Counselling began in the 20th century after it was discovered that back in the tribal lineage , people would come together to form groups where they would share their problems and even sometimes their dreams (Di Mattia Grant, 2016). The groups included the most dependable people in the society like the priests who would come with a way forward to help them find solutions to the problems they were experiencing. According to German neurologist, his psychoanalysis theory allowed individuals to tell their problems to a trained individual with the ability to und erstand their subconscious being and help resolve the problem. Counselling did not take place immediately until later when research was carried out to enhance understanding on why some different individual behave in different ways. This paper will concentrate on a counseling case of a client affected by anxiety resulting from different relating issues to help her come up with a way of solving the various issues. Outline one of the common and effective counselling approach used in counselling of anxiety cases, this will help outline the counseling skills required and enhance an outline of the counselling session that has been used (David, 2014). For the purpose of these assignment, the person selected is a university student in his last year of study and also doubles as a casual laborer though she doesnt check in for the job frequently as its required by her employer. As an immigrant in Australia, she has the role of learning the ways in which people survive in the country together with her family. Her two parents are unemployed and she doubles up as a student and also a family provider as she is the source of their daily bread and other related basic support requirements. She has been worrying recently about the situation facing her family as she has no clear directives of securing a job opportunity or rather employment after her graduation at the end of the year. The problems she is experiencing has characterized her as being overwhelmed by anxiety, as a result she saw need of seeking for counselling support from a qualified counselor. Her general practitioner referred her to the counselor to whom would help her in overcom ing her anxiety to coming up with a solution to the various existing issues that are affecting her. According to slander (2002), anxiety is what a person can see as dangerous or threatening without understanding the context in which the feeling comes along. The common symptoms include lack of sleep, being overwhelmed, excess worries with no clear reasons, insomnia relating to nightmares incases of any sleep. Psychologists have carried out research to find out why individuals with anxiety tend to unreasonably become angry and can easily result to harm of what surrounds them. According to Cuijpers, et al (2014), findings show that individuals filled with anxiety are filled with doubts of any event that comes their way as they in most cases lack personal belief about issues they face even if they knew about them before they got anxious. There are various disorders that are as a result of anxiety with phobic anxiety disorder as a good example among many others. In some cases its normal for an individual to feel anxious relating to the existing situation or circumstance, example, if a s tudent has been studying well in school he or she has anxiety to know if the results will favor him or her after seating for an exam. In the same way, our client in this case is a student who expects that after studying in the university she will be able to secure a job opportunity to be able to support her family. With both of her parents being unemployed, she is anxious of what would follow if she is unable to provide especially now that her mother is unwell. The main counselling approach that is applicable in this case is REBT Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy earlier known as Rational Therapy. This is a psychotherapy, comprehensive and active form of counselling that the counselor uses to enable him or her give advice to the client by giving related directives, to do away with their irrational mind settings and come up with thoughts or a mind setting that can help them (Mayo-Wilson, et al, 2014). REBT Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy According to Dr. Albert Ellis (1955), REBT Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy of counselling is the most directive, efficient and effective model of problem solving (Ellis Rovira, 2015). The model illustrates that anxiety, depression are not caused by events alone but its in accordance to ones beliefs on the events resulting to those unhealthy and unrealistic feelings and other relating behaviors of self-denial. REBT is an active directive that only relates to solving current problems that do not relate with the past or the future but with simply what is here right now. Its a solution oriented therapy used by counselors to help their clients in solving cognitive, emotional and other relating behavioral problems (Newman, et al, 2015).This approach illustrates that emotional suffering concept is not only related to negative view of the surrounding but also to a human belief system about the surrounding. The framework also stipulates that the human conscious is controlled by both rat ional and irrational thinking tendencies where irrational thoughts results to lack of clear strategies to achieving set goals and rational thoughts to achievement of the set goals. Our case represents a situation where the client is overwhelmed by irrational thinking relating to self-blame on the issue of lack of strategic employment opportunity as well as inadequate support of her family. This has resulted to extensively low frustration tolerance in her various efforts, anxiety leading to depression. To enhance this counselling approach, the counselor understands that one of the main pillars of REBT is irrational thinking patterns, anxiety which has mainly been identified with the client in this case and relating feelings of human disturbances (Predescu, et al, 2015). This gives a clear view on why the client feels absolutely out of place and space to continue hoping for an opportunity to rise for her to earn a living for her family. Following the active directives of the counselor with a listening ear and an understanding of the issues resulting to anxiety of the client, at the end the client tends to change her mind to concentrate on the positive thoughts im portant for personal development. REBT teaches on unconditional self-acceptance important for enhancing self-worth to help achieve mental wellness (Shebib, 2013). Counselling process is carried out between the client and the counselor where, the client talks about her or his problem to the counselor with an aim of getting assistance on how to come up with the solution to the existing problem. The counselor cannot make a decision on behalf of the client, he or she cannot give a solution to the problem affecting the client but can only give advice or view on how the client can solve her problem. As a result, both the client and the counselor should have skills or rather traits to enhance the counselling process. These traits are as discussed below; Confidentiality. This is a crucial skill of the counselor as he or she is entrusted with all the information given by the client. According to counselling code of ethics, a counselor should not reveal any information given to him or her to any other party or discuss it outside the counselling location with a different person if not the client. The counselor in this case cannot use the clients information in another session with a different person or even use it as an example. Attending. Being attending indicates that the counselor is with the client both physically and psychologically giving the client to confidently share their world with them with no fear. This is also important as it ensures that the counselor is able to connect with the client through effective listening of what the client has to say. This is clearly and effectively enhanced through direct eye contact with the client, facial expressions that shows one is paying attention among others abbreviated using the term SOLER. In our case the counselor is attending as she understands clients level of thinking meaning that she is with her both physically and psychologically. Empathy. This basically means that the counselor should try to fit in the clients situation through understanding of their situations as much as they can. This involves the counselor forgetting his or her world for some moments to temporarily join that of the client to help acknowledge their feelings. In our case, the counselor clearly shows empathy where she tells the client that she understands how she feels and the level of sadness in her mind and heart. Summarizing. Its important for a counselor to summarize the sessions to help give a way to solving the problem. In cases where the session will proceed in the next day, the summary would be very important to help focus the client. In our case, the counselor made a summary at the end to enable the client reflect and focus on all that she had said. With enhancement of REBT the client was able to gain focus and develop rational thinking about how to solve her problems (Kristensen, et al, 2016). In the same way, the client should have the ability to communicate with the counselor. Communication is an important tool for passage of any given information from the client to the counselor. Ability to listen and understand by the client also ensures that counselling process is active and in most cases productive (Grillon, et al, 2014). Structure of the counselling session The first stage of the counselling session involved creating a good relationship with the client or rather rapport. The counselor has a role of ensuring before the start of the session, the client is at ease with her through rapport creation. This has been done through first greeting the client and welcoming her to the counselling session where the venue has already been set following counselling venue setting requirements. The counselor also introduces herself by name and also as the clients counselor for that session, talks little about the level of confidentiality that will be maintained with an assurance that nobody apart from the two will learn about the information they share. Creation of rapport at the begging of the counselling process is very important as it ensures that both the client and the counselor know each other, the clients gains the assurance and confidence that any information she gives to the counselor cannot be revealed to anybody else. This is important to enha ncing effective counselling process. Second stage involved the client speaking about her problem while the counselor was listening as she took less notes with no distraction caused. This gives the client a platform to clear her soul and mind about the anxiety she is experiencing. As the counselors probes in some questions to clarify some information from the client it ensures that she does not misunderstand any detail as she attends to the client. This ensures that the client is able to give all the relevant information concerning her problems to enable the counselor come up with a favorable counselling approach to solving the anxiety problem. Third stage involves the counselor identification of REBT counselling approach to help give a way to solving the anxiety problem facing the client. Being an active and directive approach to solving present related issues dealing with thinking pattern capacity, the counselor indirectly influences the approach as she talks to the client to enable her change her irrational thinking to rational thinking. Summarizing is done to ensure that the client remains focus towards achieving the set counselling goals of coming up with a probable solution. At the end, the client is able to understand the directives, understanding of the counselor to coming up with a solution to solving the anxiety problem where she decided to remain positive. In this case, the counselling goal to enhancing the client develop a rational thinking was achieved. To sum it up, effectiveness of a counselling process is enhanced by the ability of a counselor to create a good rapport and also ensure that she has the right c ounselling skills as well as the clients ability to communicate (Turner, Slater Barker, 2014). Critical Analysis of key issues discussed above According to philosophers, every human being needs an opportunity to express him or herself depending on the situation facing him or her at that time and requires time to be solved. As a result, counselling is an intervention therapy that any individual may require to go through at one point of his or her life. There are various counselling approaches or rather frameworks that are used to enhance counselling process. In this case REBT Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy is the framework enhanced to ensure that the clients problem has a probable solution through the various active directives given by the counselor. This kind of approach is applicable on present situations not relating to the past and its characterized by cognitive theory of counseling as it relates to the pattern of thinking the client has enhanced (Hallion, et al, 207). Effective counselling is enhanced by the counselor being impacted with the right counselling skills that enhances application of the various frameworks and approaches to conducting a counselling process (Wood, Barker Turner, 2017). Every counselling process should begin by rapport creation important in ensuring that there is a clear understanding between the counselor and the client, also important to enhance trust in the counselor by the client important for effective counselling process. The counselor has no right to making any decision for the client unless in extreme cases where the client and his or her associates, friends and family cannot make the decision. The client should always make her or his decision willingly without pressure after receiving advice or relating active directives on how to solve the problem from the counselor (van Deurzen, 2015). Conclusion Journal relating to REBT Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy illustrated that individuals overwhelmed by anxiety, depression among other emotional variations have a tendency of dishonoring their own wishes as they dont believe in whatever they believed was right for them ( Vinai, et al, 2015). Self-blame and pity with little or no sleep are some of the social symptoms they enhance. Counselors have a role of ensuring they enhance their clients level of trust and confidentiality in them during counselling as its the greatest counselling code of ethics among many others. Before handling any counselling case, the client should first understand the problems facing the client and the main reason why its important to seek counselling. References Cuijpers, P., Sijbrandij, M., Koole, S., Huibers, M., Berking, M., Andersson, G. (2014). Psychological treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(2), 130-140. David, D. (2014). The Empirical Status of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) Theory Practice. Therapy, 3, 175-221. Di Mattia, M. A., Grant, J. (2016). Counselling Psychology in Australia: History, status and challenges. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 29(2), 139-149. Ellis, D. J., Rovira, M. (2015). Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy: The Evolution of a Revolution: Interview With Dr. Debbie Joffe Ellis, Work Partner and Wife of Dr. Albert Ellis, the Creator of REBT. Europe's journal of psychology, 11(1), 7. Hallion, L. S., Tolin, D. F., Assaf, M., Goethe, J., Diefenbach, G. J. (2017). Cognitive Control in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Relation of Inhibition Impairments to Worry and Anxiety Severity. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1-9. Iftene, F., Predescu, E., Stefan, S., David, D. (2015). Rational-emotive and cognitive-behavior therapy (REBT/CBT) versus pharmacotherapy versus REBT/CBT plus pharmacotherapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder in youth; A randomized clinical trial. Psychiatry Research, 225(3), 687-694. Lissek, S., Kaczkurkin, A. N., Rabin, S., Geraci, M., Pine, D. S., Grillon, C. (2014). Generalized anxiety disorder is associated with overgeneralization of classically conditioned fear. Biological psychiatry, 75(11), 909-915. Mayo-Wilson, E., Dias, S., Mavranezouli, I., Kew, K., Clark, D. M., Ades, A. E., Pilling, S. (2014). Psychological and pharmacological interventions for social anxiety disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1(5), 368-376. McLeod, J. (2013). Introduction to Counselling. An Introduction to Counselling (5th ed., pp. 3-8). Maidenhead, Berkshire, UK: Open University Press. (Original work published 1993). Newman, M. G., Castonguay, L. G., Jacobson, N. C., Moore, G. A. (2015). Adult attachment as a moderator of treatment outcome for generalized anxiety disorder: Comparison between cognitivebehavioral therapy (CBT) plus supportive listening and CBT plus interpersonal and emotional processing therapy. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 83(5), 915. Shebib, B. (2013). Choices: Interviewing and counselling skills for Canadians. Pearson Education Canada. Turner, M. J., Slater, M. J., Barker, J. B. (2014). Not the end of the world: The effects of rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) on irrational beliefs in elite soccer academy athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 26(2), 144-156. van Deurzen, E. (2015). Response to Steffen, Vossler and JosephFrom shared roots to fruitful collaboration: How counselling psychology can benefit from reconnecting with positive psychology. Counselling Psychology Review, 30(3), 69. Villab, M. A., Oerbeck, B., Skirbekk, B., Hansen, B. H., Kristensen, H. (2016). Convergent and divergent validity of K-SADS-PL anxiety and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder diagnoses in a clinical sample of school-aged children. Nordic journal of psychiatry, 70(5), 358-364. Vinai, P., Speciale, M., Vinai, L., Vinai, P., Bruno, C., Ambrosecchia, M., ... Gallese, V. (2015). The clinical implications and neurophysiological background of useing self-mirroring technique to enhance the identification of emotional experiences: An example with rational emotive behavior therapy. Journal of Rational-Emotive Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 33(2), 115-133. Wood, A. G., Barker, J. B., Turner, M. J. (2017). Developing performance using rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT): a case study with an elite archer. The Sport Psychologist, 31(1), 78-87.

Company Secretary Activities Enhancing Corporate Governance â€Solution

Question: How CS as Gatekeeper enhancing Corporate Governance Standards in global organizations? Answer: Part 1: Introduction 1.1 Reason for Topic Selection The topic about How Company Secretary acts as a Gatekeeper enhancing Corporate Governance Standards in global organizations has been selected as it is evident that corporate governance practice is a complex issue which is not possible for everyone to have a control over such issue. It is known that Company Secretary, external auditors and internal auditors of the corporate governance are considered as traditional gatekeepers within the ecological unit of the corporate governance. The main role of Company Secretary is distinct from auditors in context to the corporate governance. It is understood that, today companies are involved in many serious activities which make impossible for them to look after all the operation whether relating to operation management or financial management (Abbas, 2011). Therefore, companies face lot of trouble in their affairs and finds difficulty in making conformity of their activities with the standards and procedures. Thus, the company seeks a gatekeepe r that can provide them effective service in verifying and certifying the trust worthiness of organisations affairs. Moreover, they help in monitoring any flaws and also play effective role in detecting errors in governance standards and governance procedures. Apart from that, the company secretary or corporate secretary also effectively involved in board meetings, agenda setting and works with committees and liaise among the non executive directors and Chair directors with the management. On the other hand, the global scenario is changing at rapid pace which is making tough for the business houses to take strong decision relating to financial matters or assessing the internal controls. The act of Company Secretary as gatekeeper can play handsome role in improving the standard of corporate governance which can help the company in decreasing the burden relating to regulatory discipline on industries along with regulators. Therefore, Company Secretary as gatekeepers can ensure quality governance. According to the report published by the KPMG Fraud Survey Report in 2009, it reflects the majority of the respondents mentioned that internal controls are the common tool in detecting fraud. Therefore, fraud in the company is a serious issue which can be control by the gatekeepers (Apostolides, 2010). The Company Secretary as gatekeepers can provide important measures that can help in controlling fraud. The Company Secretary can provide assistance to the directors of company in formulating regulations and adhering to the corporate governance standards. The Company Secretary helps the directors of the company in approving the financial statements, assessing the internal controls of the company, interpreting laws, provides advice on the quality and reliability of the disclosures and compliance state and also helps in corporate finance expertise (Armour, 2012). 1.2 Academic Objectives of project The major purpose of the study is to figure out the effectiveness of company secretary as gatekeepers in enhancing the corporate governance standards in global organisations. The role of company secretary as gatekeeper will be assed in order to know their contribution in the standards of corporate governance. Therefore, to develop coherent illustration, the objective has been outlined so that study can be carried in one path. To understand the role of Company Secretary as a gatekeeper To examine the need of Company Secretary as gatekeeper in global organisations To understand the relationship between gatekeepers and company secretary To analyse the Company Secretary role in ensuring sound governance standards 1.3: Outline of Sections Part 1: Introduction- The particular section will be focusing on the nature of the study and the reason behind selection of the carried topic will be discussed. The background will provide details why the particular topic has been adopted and the rationale behind it. On the other hand, the objective of the study will be outlined so that a clear understanding can be gained what exactly need to be concentrated upon. Part 2: Scene Setting- This section will be highlighting the background of the company secretary. The secondary data will be concentrated to explain this specific part so that clear image can be received. Moreover, a brief outline will be mentioned that will help in explaining the effectiveness of Company Secretary as gatekeepers. Part 3: Literature Review: The current section will be accounting on the major theories and concept relating to the company secretary, gatekeepers and corporate governance. Further, there specific role will be discussed. Therefore, this chapter is the main part of the study which will explain the important concepts to understand the main points of the study. Part 4: Summary and Conclusion- This will be the last part of the proposed study which will summarize the analysis and evidence provided in the above mentioned sections. It will let us know whether the purpose of the study was fulfilled or not. Moreover, a further scope of research will be mentioned so that similar project can be handled well in future. Part 2: Setting the Scene 2.1 Background of Company Secretary and Gatekeepers According to Bainbridge (2012), the company secretary is engaged with high responsibilities that range from the conventional role of arranging the meetings for directors, liaising with the executive directors with the management of company, developing the agenda, and working together with the committees, etc. The business landscape is transforming at rapid pace which force the company to involve the company secretary in the business decision procedure On the other hand, the growth in the expectations of the governance has changed the role of company secretary and they are not restricted to only external consultant. Therefore, the company secretary acts as a navigator to the company to develop regulation that can bring success to the institutions. Moreover, Balaji (2012) discussed that Company Secretary helps the board members of the company to remain informed about the trends and development in governance by briefing materials. Therefore, it helps in formulating effective policies an d ensures that company operates within the best business practice boundary. Apart from that, Basthomi (2012) corporate secretary assists in developing innovative policies for corporate governance so that the objectives of the company can be achieved. Therefore, the demand of company secretary has increased over the years. It is evident that there has been significant rise in the employment of people as Company Secretary in Australia. For instance, New South Wales has 39.3% of Company Secretary; in Victory 23.6% is Company Secretary whereas in Queensland there is 18.3% of Company Secretary. On the contrary, Beller, Keller and Mahoney (2012) mentioned that the gatekeepers are considered to the people working as company secretary, external auditors, internal auditors, credit rating agencies, etc. Therefore gatekeepers help in making balance in the corporate governance and act as an intermediary. Moreover, they are engaged in providing valuable service to the investors. For instance, the credit worthiness of the company can be evaluated by the credit rating agencies and business prospects can be assessed by securities analysts. The Company Secretary of the company checks the tendency of the management to concentrate on the short term income and as well as the cost of long term value of shareholder (Berthelot, Morris and Morrill, 2010). It is known that auditors are mostly engaged in working for issuers and report the details of work to the management, therefore, the investors consider gatekeepers to help them out in assessing the financial statements of the company. Apart from that, gatekeepers can help in decreasing the number of frauds relating to the corporate governance. It is evident from the published report that regulatory compliance malfunctions such as insider trading profitability and Accounting and Auditing Enforcement Release (AAER) frauds has drop down to a minimum level. Therefore, it can be understood that gatekeepers can help in monitoring the fraud and reporting it to the management so that firm regulation can be established to secure the company (Beuve and Saussier, 2011). On the other hand, the role of company secretary is to help in providing corporate advisory work to the organisations. Therefore, it assists in enhancing standard of corporate governance and helps in forming rules and regulations so that effective decision can be enforced in context to the corporate affairs. Company Secretary as a gatekeeper can help in developing feasible process for the corporate governance that can help in setting objective and goals (Corvo and Symons, 2012). Moreover, the actions, corporation decision and policies can be monitored that can help in detecting errors which may be beneficial for the company to match up with the global institutions. Apart from that, it is known that corporate governance relates with the processes, mechanisms and associations via which the organisations are navigated (Coyne, 2010). Therefore, Company Secretary as gatekeepers can help in facilitating and promoting complete and open communication associations among the corporations and c an also ensure right flow of information among board of directors, management, outside advisors and committees of the company. Further, Davis (2012) discussed that Company Secretary as gatekeepers can navigate and support the processes of governance by comprising orientation of fragmentary board education, new directors, formulating, implementing parameters and criteria in enhancing the performance of board members of the institutions. 2.2 Company Secretary acts as the gatekeeper role in enhancing corporate governance The role of company secretary has significantly changed over the time and moreover due to growing criticality in accounting effective corporate governance has made the company secretary. The Companies Act 2014 has depicted that there is high requirement for a company secretary in both the public firms and private firms. Therefore, the responsibilities of the company secretary in the modern day has taken a leap from being only restricted to a note taker at the meetings of board members or acting as an administrative employee of Board to a much broader role of Board Advisor and significantly takes up the responsibility for the corporate governance of the organisations (David, 2014). Therefore, the role of company secretary is to provide large service to the organisations and helps in setting corporate governance standards. It is evident that today board of the company seek advice from the company secretary not only advice only on the matter relating to statutory duties of the directors under the rules and laws, listing requirements of rule and disclosure obligations but also helps in providing advice regarding corporate governance practices and requirements and also in developing effective processes for board in conducting activities (Hawkes, 2011). Horn (2011) mentioned that the role of company secretary is not restricted to basic statutory obligations but moved away in helping organisations in various other matters. The company secretary has effectively taken the responsibility in formulating and executing the processes so that good corporate governance can be promoted and sustained in context to global organisations. The particular role is recognising the code of corporate governance of UK and also falls into Financial Reporting Council (FRC) guidance relating to board effectiveness. Apart from that, Jalilvand and Malliaris (2012) pointed that Company Secretary have considerably changed which made the directors to realise people that possess technical knowledge and specialist skills. Further, the interest of the shareholders of the organisations can be balanced by enhancing corporate governance. Moreover, it is known that corporate governance is considered as a system which comprises rules, regulations, processes and practice s that assists the company in moving towards right direction and have better control over the activities (Jamali, Hallal and Abdallah, 2010). The company secretary can be allowed to provide their support in forming effective corporate governance plan that can help in gaining higher benefit from both international and national market. Furthermore, acting as gatekeepers can prevent company from any fraud activity and can monitor the progress of processes implemented (Kirkbride and Letza, 2005). Thus, the Company Secretary as gatekeeper can help in building link between investors and issuing company and contribute largely in financial market. As a result, strong association can be established among Company Secretary and Company Secretary can provide financial advice and also direct in development of effective corporate governance (Kogut, 2012). Part 3: Literature Review 3.1 Gatekeeper The author Reinier Kraakman focuses on the theory of classical gate-keeping which highlights that strategy of gate-keeping needs gatekeepers that can help in prevent and averting misconduct reliably in spite of preferences of the wrong doers (Al Najjar, 2010). Moreover, he mentioned that a successful gatekeeper must not be agreeable but also able to avoid misconduct. Therefore, gatekeepers must not be ready to interdict delinquency but also to monitor to identify any happenings in the prime point. Thus, it can be determined that gatekeepers role can be identified on the keenness to monitor and interdict and their capacity relating to interdict and monitor (Bonechi, 2012). Therefore, Kraakman pointed gatekeeper as an effective actor that can control and monitor any detected wrong things. The author designed a framework which describes the effectiveness of traditional gatekeepers comprising accountants, securities analysts, investment bankers, etc. Apart from that, the author John C. Coffee who is a professor of Corporate Law propounded the reason behind the development of gatekeepers and the level of failure has been focused by the author. Moreover, he also mentioned about the reforms that may be feasible (Chen et al., 2010). Apart from that, the author examined the changes in the institutional and pressures that lead gatekeepers to neglect their responsibilities and to underperform. Therefore, he tried to focus on the effective changes that can reinstate gatekeepers as the faithful agents of the numbers of investors. On the other hand, John Coffee points that probably all the boards of directors abide to the advice given by the gatekeepers. Moreover, he mentioned that gatekeeper failure has played an effective role in aiding failure of the corporate and collapse of the corporate (Chizema and Shinozawa, 2011). 3.2 Company Secretary According to, Clarke and Branson (2012) a company secretary is a person that positioned usually in the public sector entity and private sector entity. The Company Secretary is also called as corporate strategy as per the public listed organisations of Canada and America. The company secretary is normally involved in efficient administration of firms and ensures compliance in regarding to regulatory requirements and statutory. Therefore, the Company Secretary makes sure that decisions made by the companys board of directors are enforced effectively. On the other hand, Cormier et al. (2010) mentioned that company secretary takes hold that the company abide by the relevant regulation and legislation and also make the members of the board aware about the legal responsibilities so that they can perform their duties with high dignity. Moreover, they provide advice relating to the conduct of business and the advice can be of nature something like accounting advice and can also provide advic e on the strategy formulation and helping in corporate planning. For instance, in public organisations in North America, the company secretary provides suggestion on the issues relating to corporate governance. Apart from that, (Elizabeth Abraham, 2012) pointed that company secretary is also involved in encouraging the members of the boards to conduct review of corporate governance on frequent basis. Therefore, it is evident that many large business houses entails that company secretary has to be well trained and professionally qualified to handle the different matters of the company. Figure 1: Role of Company Secretary 3.3 Corporate Governance Erismann-Peyer, Steger and Salzmann (2008) explained corporate governance as a set that comprises system, principles and processes which make sure that the organisations are governed and carried in the best interest in context to companys stakeholders. It is the structure that helps in directing and controlling the company. Therefore, corporate governance is all about promoting accountability, transparency and fairness of the corporate. Furthermore, the De Kluyver (2013) depicted that corporate governance ensures and adequate disclosures and provide effective decision making bridge that can help in attaining objective of corporate. It also provides transparency in regards to business transactions and ensures compliances relating to statutory and legal obligations. On the contrary, Dennehy (2012) discussed that corporate governance aims to ensure that board of company is highly committed in managing the different aspects of the company and that too in a transparent way in order to inc rease the long term value. Therefore, it can benefit to both shareholders and to the company as well. The corporate governance integrates both social participants and economic participants in the process. Moreover, the corporate governance helps in enhancing the corporate accountability and performance that helps in maintaining balance in the organisational activities (Elizabeth Abraham, 2012). 3.4 Role of Company Secretary under Hong Kong Rules The company secretary role is highly valued in companies as it provides valuable advice to the boards on crucial matters that helps in gaining large benefit from their processes. In recent times, major changes have been acknowledged that have widely taken place in the financial market globally (Erismann-Peyer, Steger and Salzmann, 2008). Therefore, changes have been too noticed in Hong Kong which is one of the biggest stock market in world on the basis of market capitalisation of shares. Hong Kong Stock Exchange has revised their Listing Rules and Corporate Governance Code in 2012 which emphasizes that the Company Secretary is required to provide large support to the board of organisations by ensuring right and effective flow of information within the board (Cheung et al., 2011). The professional development and induction of directors are facilitated by the company secretary as per the rules of Hong Kong (Connelly et al., n.d.). Therefore, the company secretary role under Hong Kong R ules can be explained with an example, Facts summary: Company X intended to retain Mr A as their Company Secretary after listing. Nevertheless, Mr A did not hold any specific qualifications that are mentioned under Listing Rule 8.171. Rule 8.171 proposes that the issuers secretary must be a person that is typical resident in Hong Kong and that has the mandatory experience and knowledge to carry the secretary function of the issuer are: 1. In the case relating to a issuer that has already been listed on 1st December 1989 is bound to held the secretary office of the issuer on that particular date. 2. Is a associate of Hong Kong Institute of Company Secretary, a barrister or solicitor as mentioned in a professional accountant or the Legal Practitioners Ordinance. 3. Is an individual that is by rectitude of his professional or academic qualifications or applicable experience is in the verdict of the Exchange competent of discharging that functions. Therefore, in the case relating to Peoples Republic of China (PRC) issuer, the above requirement has been altered by Rule 19A.182 that provides as: The PRC issuer secretary must not be usually resident in Hong Kong, given that such people can convene the other obligations of Rule 8.171 (Hilb, 2012). The company secretary caters an effective role in the issuers corporate governance; more importantly assist the issuer as well as the directors of issuer to act in accordance with Listing Rules and the company law applicability. Therefore, for the given case, the person has to possess required experience, skills and knowledge to operate the functions as an impressive company secretary. On the other hand, the note relating to Rule 19A.182 points out a non-exhaustive record of factors that the Exchange will consider for determining the significant experience of a intended Company Secretary of a PRC issuer. Further, the person does not hold a professional qualification that is needed in Rule 8.17(2)1. The factors can comprise the employment period relating to the PRC issuer and the person acquaintance with the Listing Rules (Horn, 2011). Moreover, it is known that PRC issuer does not carry any work in Hong Kong and also the management of issuer does not inhabit in Hong Kong. Apart from that, the Company Secretary of issuer should have enough knowledge in disbursing their function. Furthermore, if the company secretary does not compose required professional qualifications under Rule 8.17(2)1 and Rule 8.17(3)1, for protecting shareholders and promoting corporate governance, then Company Secretary need to be guided by the qualified person so that the person can meet the criteria of Rule 8.17(3)1. Therefore, as per the proposed example, Mr A can operate his operation as Company Secretary of Company X after listing given that an extra person has been engaged by Company X that possess the professional qualifications which is mentioned in Rule 8.17(2)1 for the period of three-year. Apart from that, the role of company secretary in Hong Kong is linked with the direction, administration, governance and management of the industry. Moreover, the Company Secretary is not only engaged in interacting with shareholders, directors and managers of companies but they are also effectively involved in working with government (Jalilvand and Malliaris, 2012). 3.5 Role of Company Secretary under UK/US Rules The role of the company secretary under the rule of UK is composed of advising on governance cause to the board, playing an active role as a communication and information channel for autonomous directors and helping the chairman by offering training and induction for directors. They also help in producing meeting minutes and papers of the committees and board. Therefore, the major duty is to maintain statutory registers (Hawkes, 2011). For instance, in public limited companies of UK, the role of Company Secretary is highly valued as the work of public limited requires developing statutory obligations that can benefit the company. Moreover, the Company Secretary is responsible for making sure that the organisations follow the standard legal and financial practice and helps in maintain corporate governance standards. On the other hand, the Company Secretary is engaged in building strong communication (Zhang, 2012). For example, the Company Secretary of UK is effectively involved in mak ing a communication channel among the shareholders and board members so that interest of shareholders can be protected. Apart from that, in UK rules, there is no other firm specification for the Company Secretary in private company in United Kingdom unless the articles of association of company state. Figure 2: Role of COMPANY SECRETARY under UK Rules On the other side, the role of company secretary has really not well defined in US context. Therefore, the US does not include any legally needed qualifications relating to the duties that are required by Company Secretary to perform function. Apart from saying that, the Companies Act of India has a slight relevancy in the US which describes the role of Gatekeeper. Therefore, the Company Secretary role in US can be explained as below: Figure 3: COMPANY SECRETARY role under US Rules Apart from that, Company Secretary is also involved in agenda setting. For instance, for agenda setting, company secretary closely work with the HR, CEO, accounting, investor relations, lead director, legal, etc in creating and revising agenda for ensuring compliance with Federal, listing, state and other obligations (Velayutham, 2013). Moreover, the Company Secretary is allowed to give their suggestions on different matters of the company. For example, company secretary role in banks is to help them in maintain healthy relationship with investors, stakeholders and regulators and assists the directors of bank to fully contribute after and at meetings (Veasey and Guglielmo, 2012). Moreover, they provide advice on the new regulatory and legal responsibility to the banks board. 3.6 Performance of Company Secretary as gatekeepers The company secretary as a gatekeeper can largely help the organisations in improving corporate governance. Therefore, the company secretary may need to understand the process of organisations so that the board can be guided to develop an effective statutory regulation and follow them. Moreover, the practices of corporate governance should be known by Company Secretary in order to navigate the board members of company (Tew, 2011). Gatekeeper theory can be useful in explaining how Company Secretary can effectively perform the role of gatekeeper. According to gate-keeping theory, gate keeping is concerned with blocking any useless or unwanted materials through employing gate so that corporate system can be protected. Therefore, company secretary has to initially decide that what kind of information has to be delivered to the board and what type of information has to be blocked (Tricker, 2012). Thus, the Company Secretary can act as decision makers that can provide direction to board in enhancing corporate governance. The Company Secretary has to provide information by employing their personal knowledge and experience so that best guidance can be catered that can help in protecting the interest of the shareholders of the organisations. Therefore, this would help in eliminating any sensible, controversial and unwanted from the standard of corporate governance and right path can be directed to board of directors (Szewczak, Ziomkiewicz and Jasiski, 2011). Company Secretary receives information from the corporate world about the corporate governance that can be applied in the corporate governance standards. Therefore, company secretary reject some information due to the policy of organisations (Mukti and Wardhani, 2012). For instance, the Company Secretary can provide advice to the company to acknowledge legislation changes and complying with laws and regulations of international market. Therefore, it will help in setting and forming good corporate governance standard. On the other hand, the Company Secretary will block all the information that is harmful for the company and Company Secretary should block the unfaithful person from the board meetings as he/she can disclose the strategy to other company (Nietsch, 2005). Thus, in this way the company secretary can be successful in carrying the job of gatekeeper and helping company in setting corporate governance. 3.7 Company Secretary performing role of disclosure The company secretary can play impressive role in disclosure compliance program of the company. Therefore, to take up the responsibility of disclosure, the Company Secretary many need to maintain and monitor the compliance in context to incessant disclosure policy (Rasche, 2010). Moreover, the Company Secretary may have to maintain a link between the board, reporting officers and Listing Rules of the Securities Exchange bodies. The company secretary has to coordinate education in the system of company regarding the disclosure obligations and also about the compliance program of disclosure. The analysts, media, public, shareholders and brokers have to be informed about the disclosure program. The COMPANY SECRETARY seeks permission from the directors to take disclosure role so that corporate governance can be enhanced (Renders, Gaeremynck, and Sercu, 2010). The disclosure role can be better explained through disclosure based regulations which concentrates on the information quality that is disclosed by the issuers. Under the regulation, it is required that the issuer has to make entire disclosure of the companys affair to the shareholders and investor (Rheeder, 2012). Therefore, it is then the responsibility of the investors to take investment decision. On the other hand, the regulator is involved in designing and enforcing framework which can allow parties to fairly negotiate among each other but do not intervene in the relationship of investor and issuer. Moreover, the regulation commands disclosure but do not concern about the disclosure substances (Riley, 2012). Therefore, the company secretary has to follow the disclosure based regulations to provide crystal information about the companys process and standard of corporate governance. It gave rise to fraud and interest of the stakeholders was not protected (Seth, 2012). Therefore, t he Company Secretary of the company proposed disclosure based regulation which helped in providing complete information about the companys policy and corporate governance standards to the stakeholders and shareholders. 3.8 Importance of Company Secretary Role The Company Secretary role is crucial and Company Secretary not only acts as a bridge among the organisations board, government, stakeholders and regulatory bodies but also takes up the responsibility in upholding records, advising board, endorsing legal obligations and communicating with the officials (Tricker, 2012). On the other hand, before taking up the role of Company Secretary, the person goes through exams and become member of Company Secretary, etc (Veasey, and Guglielmo, 2012). The company secretary also focus on guiding organisations to comply with the set corporate governance so that adopted process can be implemented and large benefit can be accumulated. Moreover, the company secretary helps in accounting the accountant, solicitor and auditor of the company in the board meetings. Apart from that, Velayutham, (2013) pointed that company secretary warn the directors about any relevant that can affect the company. On the other hand, company secretary can direct the board to meet the legal obligations and requirements and can be largely involved in preparing and issuing of proxy statements and also the documentation that may be linked with the yearly shareholders meeting (Wallace, 2012). Therefore, the company secretary can act as a channel among the senior management and directors. As a result, the company can ensure effective corporate governance that can help company to operate successfully in global scenario. 3.9 Relationship between Company Secretary, Gatekeeper and Corporate Governance According to Zhang, (2012), company secretary is highly engaged in managing the logistic Company Secretary of committee and board meeting. Moreover, they provide advice on the roles and responsibilities to the board. The Company Secretary also helps in managing process of the company relating to the yearly shareholder meeting. On the other hand, Company Secretary facilitates the new directors orientation and guide in training and development t of director. The gatekeeper helps in checking the tendency of the management in order to concentrate on the short term gains at the value of long term shareholders cost (Zubaidah Zainal Abidin, and Ali Shah Hashim., 2010). Further, they report to the company about any fraud or any error that may occur in the corporate governance standard (Wu, 2012). Part 4: Summary and Conclusion From the entire study, it can be summarised that the role of company secretary is highly valued in the industries. The growing complexity in the market and number of frauds taking in place, the company secretary role has extended to gatekeepers that help in reporting the organisations about any misconduct. Moreover, if any member of the company is not abiding with the corporate governance standards then the company secretary can report it to the board of directors of the organisations. The role of COMPANY SECRETARY has increased in number and it is not only limited to concentrate on the administrative part but it has enlarge to handle the corporate governance matters so that organisation can gain corporate success. On the other hand, the company secretary takes most crucial tasks of the company and directing the company to carry responsibilities in effective way. Apart from that, study has discussed that company secretary act as a vital part in building strong relationship among the investor of company and board of the company. Thus, it is effective in ensuring best practice of corporate governance. Moreover, following and catering corporate governance standards then it can protect the interest of the shareholders and company can register higher growth and can penetrate to other market either internationally or nationally. Apart from that, the study also focused highly on the gatekeepers role in ensuring that company is best managed and directed as per the standards of corporate governance. The gatekeepers ensure that important or confidential information of the company is not handed to any unauthorised person that may belong outside of the company system. Therefore, gatekeeper can monitor or track any mismanagement and provide information about it corporate and it can help the corporate in taking important decisions. The gatekeeper takes account only that information that is valuable for the company as it helps the company in accounting best corporate governance guidelines. Therefore, it can be summarised from the role of company secretary and gatekeepers that both highly concentrate on enhancing corporate governance. Moreover, it can be said that Company Secretary will be much effective in their approach, acting as a gatekeeper. As a result, corporate firm can carry their activities according to the desires of stakeholders and thus corporate governance can help in shaping performance of the corporation. On the other hand, it can be concluded from the study that purpose of the study was met and role of Company Secretary as gatekeeper has been effectively discussed. On the other side, the company secretary role under the rule of Hong Kong, UK and US has been outlined with the appropriate examples. It helped in understanding the specific role that is followed in different nations and their scope in taking up the duties. However, it is understood that responsibility of the corporate secretary is moreover same and takes care that corporate governance is followed in expected manner. Moreover, gate-keeping theory has outlined in the study which tells about how gatekeepers block the unwanted or irrelevant materials from the corporate governance criterion. Therefore, Company Secretary as gatekeepers can help organisation in performing well and adhering to set policy and standards. The disclosure based regulation is effective in understanding the act of Company Secretary and disclosing the in formation to the boards and shareholders. Part B: Reflection The study on the role of CS and gatekeeper in enhancing and improving corporate governance standards was effective on my intellectual part. I learned that activities of organisation has become complex and it is not easy for the company to only seek support from CS in matters only relating to preparing reports and other financial activities. Moreover, I learned that today CS act as a gatekeeper to protect the industry from any fraud or any serious errors that can hamper the productivity and their business prospects. Therefore, I found that CS not only helps in financial matters but also helps in providing legal advice or regulatory advice to the board participants of the organisation. On the other hand, I had a great experience to study the different role performed by the both CS and gatekeepers to promote and make sure that members of the company abide the formulated corporate governance standards. Apart from that, I also understood through my study that gatekeeper plays an effective part as an intermediary in order to make right balance in the statutory obligations and corporate governance so that business operations can be carried in global scale with higher effect. I was very much pleased with the outcome of the study as I was able to know what particular job is performed by a gatekeeper in context to the corporate governance obligations of an organisation. On the other side, I came to know that company secretary role is moreover same under the rules of HK, US and UK. Furthermore, I also learnt that CS also acts as a communication medium between the board of directors and shareholders so that interest and right of the shareholders can be protected. On the other hand, I faced some difficulties too in gathering the required information due to the limitation of time. I was not able to acquire more information that would enhance the study. Apart from that, as the study is purely based on secondary data, I was not able to have a real data from the various CS and gatekeepers of the company otherwise it would have improved my study to large extent. On the contrary, I am pleased with my study that it has shaped; I got to learn many things relating to CS and their part in corporate governance standard and how they help and advise the board to take premier and productive decision. Therefore, I can say that the particular study provided great knowledge that I would use in other similar project. Further, I used gate-keeping theory and disclosure based regulation which provided great assistance to know the activities of gatekeepers and CSs act in disclosing information to the shareholders of the organisations and board of the organisation. Moreover, I learnt that CS today effectively takes up the role of gatekeepers so that they can monitor any wrong act and alert the company to take best decision and adopt protective measures before any crime could take place. Therefore, the study helped me to enhance my knowledge and have deep understanding about the relationship between CS and gatekeepers. References Abbas, E. (2011). The Seven Gatekeepers, Guardians, and Reporters in The Book of the Two Ways and in P. MMA 35.9.21. Abgadiyat, 6(1), pp.68-75. Adegbite, E. (2012). Corporate governance regulation in Nigeria. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 12(2), pp.257-276. Ahmed Sheikh, N. and Wang, Z. (2012). Effects of corporate governance on capital structure: empirical evidence from Pakistan. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 12(5), pp.629-641. Al Najjar, B. (2010). Corporate governance and institutional ownership: evidence from Jordan. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 10(2), pp.176-190. Apostolides, N. (2010). Exercising corporate governance at the annual general meeting. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 10(2), pp.140-149. Appleton, N. (2011). Letter from the UKABS Membership Secretary. brsv, 28(1). Armour, D. (2012). The ICOMPANY SECRETARYA company secretary's handbook. London: ICOMPANY SECRETARYA. Bainbridge, S. (2012). Corporate governance after the financial crisis. New York: Oxford University Press. Balaji, M. (2012). The Construction of Street Credibility  in Atlanta's Hip-Hop Music Scene: Analyzing the Role of Cultural Gatekeepers. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 29(4), pp.313-330. Basthomi, Y. (2012). Ambivalences: Voices of Indonesian Academic Discourse Gatekeepers. English Language Teaching, 5(7). Beller, A., Keller, S. and Mahoney, C. (2012). 44th annual Institute on Securities Regulation. New York, N.Y.: Practising Law Institute. Berthelot, S., Morris, T. and Morrill, C. (2010). Corporate governance rating and financial performance: a Canadian study. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 10(5), pp.635-646. Beuve, J. and Saussier, S. (2011). Interfirm cooperation in strategic relationships: the role of formal contract. Industrial and Corporate Change, 21(4), pp.811-836. Bonechi, M. (2012). More on the Ebla gatekeepers. Revue d'assyriologie et d'archologie orientale, 106(1), p.33. Bruce, M. (2012). Rights and duties of directors. Haywards Heath: Bloomsbury Professional. Chen, W., Chung, H., Hsu, T. and Wu, S. (2010). External Financing Needs, Corporate Governance, and Firm Value. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 18(3), pp.234-249. Chen, Y. (2012). Identifying key disseminators in social commerce. [Austin, Tex.: University of Texas. Cheng, S. and Firth, M. (2005). Ownership, Corporate Governance and Top Management Pay in Hong Kong. Corporate Governance, 13(2), pp.291-302. Cheung, Y., Connelly, J., Jiang, P. and Limpaphayom, P. (2011). Does Corporate Governance Predict Future Performance? Evidence from Hong Kong. Financial Management, 40(1), pp.159-197. Chiappetta, F. and Tombari, U. (2012). Perspectives on Group Corporate Governance and European Company Law. European Company and Financial Law Review, 9(3). Chizema, A. and Shinozawa, Y. (2011). The Company with Committees: Change or Continuity in Japanese Corporate Governance?. Journal of Management Studies, 49(1), pp.77-101. Clarke, T. and Branson, D. (2012). The SAGE handbook of corporate governance. London: SAGE. Connelly, J., Limpaphayom, P., Cheung, S. and Jiang, P. (n.d.). Corporate Governance and Stock Returns in Hong Kong: Carrots or Sticks?. SSRN Journal. Cormier, D., Ledoux, M., Magnan, M. and Aerts, W. (2010). Corporate governance and information asymmetry between managers and investors. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 10(5), pp.574-589. Corvo, T. and Symons, H. (2012). Broadband and cable industry law, 2012. New York, N.Y.: Practising Law Institute. Coyne, I. (2010). Accessing children as research participants: examining the role of gatekeepers. Child: Care, Health and Development, 36(4), pp.452-454. David, P. (2014). AbdulRasheed and ToruYoshikawa (Eds.), The Convergence of Corporate Governance: Promise and Prospects, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2012, ISBN 9780230297463, 296 pp. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 22(1), pp.70-71. Davis, P. (2012). Re thinking the role of the corporate sector in international development. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 12(4), pp.427-438. De Kluyver, C. (2013). A primer on corporate governance. [New York, N.Y.] (222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017): Business Expert Press. Death of the Society's Company Secretary and Membership Secretary M. P. J. Garvey FCA. (2012). The Mariner's Mirror, 98(2), pp.133-133. Dennehy, E. (2012). Corporate governance - a stakeholder model. International Journal of Business Governance and EthiCompany Secretary, 7(2), p.83. Elizabeth Abraham, S. (2012). Information technology, an enabler in corporate governance. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 12(3), pp.281-291. Erismann-Peyer, G., Steger, U. and Salzmann, O. (2008). The insider's view on corporate governance. Basingstoke [England]: Palgrave Macmillan. Esa, E. and Anum Mohd Ghazali, N. (2012). Corporate social responsibility and corporate governance in Malaysian government linked companies. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 12(3), pp.292-305. Flanagan, P. and Wall, C. (2012). Coping with U.S. export controls, 2012. New York, N.Y.: Practising Law Institute. Gallo, A., Weijer, C., White, A., Grimshaw, J., Boruch, R., Brehaut, J., Donner, A., Eccles, M., McRae, A., Saginur, R., Zwarenstein, M. and Taljaard, M. (2012). What is the role and authority of gatekeepers in cluster randomized trials in health research?. Trials, 13(1), p.116. Giuliani, E. (2011). Role of Technological Gatekeepers in the Growth of Industrial Clusters: Evidence from Chile. Regional Studies, 45(10), pp.1329-1348. Gladson Nwokah, N. and Ahiauzu, A. (2010). Marketing in governance: emotional intelligence leadership for effective corporate governance. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 10(2), pp.150-162. Goergen, M. (2012). International corporate governance. Harlow, England: Pearson. Graf, H. (2010). Gatekeepers in regional networks of innovators. Cambridge Journal of EconomiCompany Secretary, 35(1), pp.173-198. Graf, H. and Krger, J. (2011). The Performance of Gatekeepers in Innovator Networks. Industry Innovation, 18(1), pp.69-88. Groce, L. (2012). The use of words by school counselors. Haspeslagh, P. (2010). Corporate governance and the current crisis. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 10(4), pp.375-377. Hawkes, N. (2011). England's health secretary faces increasing isolation. BMJ, 342(may10 3), pp.d2947-d2947. Hilb, M. (2012). New corporate governance. Berlin: Springer. Horn, L. (2011). Corporate Governance in Crisis? The PolitiCompany Secretary of EU Corporate Governance Regulation. European Law Journal, 18(1), pp.83-107. Jalilvand, A. and Malliaris, A. (2012). Risk management and corporate governance. New York: Routledge. Jamali, D., Hallal, M. and Abdallah, H. (2010). Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility: evidence from the healthcare sector. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 10(5), pp.590-602. Jansson, A. and Larsson-Olaison, U. (2010). The Effect of Corporate Governance on Stock Repurchases: Evidence from Sweden. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 18(5), pp.457-472. Jian, Z., Tingting, Z. and Shengchao, C. (2011). Cross listing, corporate governance and corporate performance. Nankai Business Review International, 2(3), pp.275-288. Judge, W. (2010). Corporate Governance Mechanisms Throughout the World. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 18(3), pp.159-160. Judge, W. (2010). Thomas Kuhn and Corporate Governance Research. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 18(2), pp.85-86. Judge, W. (2012). Anglo-American versus Asian Corporate Governance Environments. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 20(4), pp.335-336. Judge, W. (2012). Relation-based Versus Rule-Based Governance Systems. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 20(5), pp.411-412. Karim, M. (n.d.). Relationship between Corporate Culture and Organizational Effectivenss: A Case Study on Zain Telecommunication Limited. SSRN Journal. Khongmalai, O., Tang, J. and Siengthai, S. (2010). Empirical evidence of corporate governance in Thai state owned enterprises. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 10(5), pp.617-634. Kirkbride, J. and Letza, S. (2003). Corporate Governance and Gatekeeper Liability: the lessons from public authorities. Corporate Governance, 11(3), pp.262-271. Kirkbride, J. and Letza, S. (2005). Can the Non-executive Director be an Effective Gatekeeper? The Possible Development of a Legal Framework of Accountability. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 13(4), pp.542-550. Kogut, B. (2012). The small worlds of corporate governance. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Krieger, G. (2012). Corporate Governance und Corporate Governance Kodex in Deutschland. Zeitschrift fr Unternehmens- und Gesellschaftsrecht, 41(2-3). Lagner, T. and Knyphausen-Aufse, D. (2012). Rating Agencies as Gatekeepers to the Capital Market: Practical Implications of 40 Years of Research. Financial Markets, Institutions Instruments, 21(3), pp.157-202. Lam, T. and Lee, S. (2012). Family ownership, board committees and firm performance: evidence from Hong Kong. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 12(3), pp.353-366. Lassoued, N. and Elmir, A. (2012). Portfolio selection: does corporate governance matter?. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 12(5), pp.701-713. Law, P. (2011). Audit regulatory reform with a refined stakeholder model to enhance corporate governance: Hong Kong evidence. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 11(2), pp.123-135. Mahony, P. (2012). Corporate secretaryship in southern Africa. Johannesburg: Chartered Secretaries Southern Africa. Maltby, J. (2008). Book review: Gatekeepers: the Professions and Corporate Governance: John C. Coffee Jr. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006. Accounting History, 13(3), pp.383-386. McLeod, J. (2007). Gatekeepers: The Professions and Corporate Governance. Records Management Journal, 17(2). Mistry, H. and Toppin, P. (2011). Gatekeepers of Science and Society. Science Signaling, 4(182), pp.eg6-eg6. Mukti, A. and Wardhani, R. (2012). Corporate Governance Mechanism, Audit Quality and Accrual Quality (Indonesia Manufacturing Company Evidance). iamure.ijbm, 3(1). Munari, F., Sobrero, M. and Malipiero, A. (2011). Absorptive capacity and localized spillovers: focal firms as technological gatekeepers in industrial districts. Industrial and Corporate Change, 21(2), pp.429-462. Nietsch, M. (2005). Corporate Governance and Company Law Reform: a German perspective. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 13(3), pp.368-376. Ntim, C., Opong, K. and Danbolt, J. (2011). The Relative Value Relevance of Shareholder versus Stakeholder Corporate Governance Disclosure Policy Reforms in South Africa. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 20(1), pp.84-105. Ponton, D. (2011). Getting Past the Gatekeepers: Membership and Identity in 5-Lives World Football Phone-in. Brno Studies in English, 37(1). Rasche, A. (2010). Collaborative Governance 2.0. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 10(4), pp.500-511. Ratner, M. (2012). The gatekeepers of effectiveness. Nat Biotechnol, 30(6), pp.482-484. Renders, A., Gaeremynck, A. and Sercu, P. (2010). Corporate-Governance Ratings and Company Performance: A Cross-European Study. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 18(2), pp.87-106. Rheeder, L. (2012). The evolution of the role of company secretary in South African company law. Rice, D. (n.d.). Gatekeepers or Ratifiers? Selective Memory and the Role of Superdelegates in the Democratic Presidential Nomination Process. SSRN Journal. Riley, C. (2012). Company Law Whither UK corporate governance?. ac, 1997(1). Rothenberg, S. and Levy, D. (2011). Corporate Perceptions of Climate Science: The Role of Corporate Environmental Scientists. Business Society, 51(1), pp.31-61. Sarkar, J. and Sarkar, S. (2012). Corporate governance in India. New Delhi, India: SAGE Publications. Seth, V. (2012). The East India Company--A Case Study in Corporate Governance*. Global Business Review, 13(2), pp.221-238. Shin, T. (2012). The Corporate Objective - By Andrew Keay. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 20(5), pp.509-510. Spitzeck, H. and Hansen, E. (2010). Stakeholder governance: how stakeholders influence corporate decision making. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 10(4), pp.378-391. Sun, L. and Tobin, D. (2005). International Listing as a Mechanism of Commitment to More Credible Corporate Governance Practices: the case of the Bank of China (Hong Kong). Corporate Governance, 13(1), pp.81-91. Szewczak, A., Ziomkiewicz, I. and Jasiski, M. (2011). PERSPECTIVES Hiring cell gatekeepers ABC transporters in plant biotechnology. bta, 2, pp.132-139. Tew, K. (2011). NrF2/Keap1 as gatekeepers of redox homeostasis - do they prevent or cause cancer?. Pigment Cell Melanoma Research, 24(6), pp.1078-1079. Tricker, R. (2012). Corporate governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Vasudev, P. and Watson, S. (2012). Corporate governance after the financial crisis. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Veasey, E. and Guglielmo, C. (2012). Indispensable Counsel. Oxford: Oxford University Press, USA. Velayutham, S. (2013). Governance without boards: the Quakers. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 13(3), pp.223-235. Vitaliano, D. (2010). Corporate social responsibility and labor turnover. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 10(5), pp.563-573. Wallace, S. (2012). The ICOMPANY SECRETARYA Company Secretary's Troubleshooter. London: ICOMPANY SECRETARYA Pub. Wansink, B. (2011). Empowering Nutrition Gatekeepers: The Parents. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 43(5), p.307. Wu, R. (2012). Does Corporate Governance Quality Lend Credibility to Open-Market Share Repurchase Announcements?. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 20(5), pp.490-508. Yan Lam, T. and Kam Lee, S. (2008). CEO duality and firm performance: evidence from Hong Kong. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 8(3), pp.299-316. Zhang, L. (2012). Board demographic diversity, independence, and corporate social performance. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 12(5), pp.686-700. Zheng, V. and Ho, T. (2012). Contrasting the evolution of corporate governance models: A study of banking in Hong Kong. Asia Pacific Business Review, 18(3), pp.407-423. Zubaidah Zainal Abidin, and Ali Shah Hashim., (2010). Corporate governance. Shah Alam: Penerbit Universiti, Universiti Teknologi MARA.